Issues in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Issues in management - Essay Example The primary role responsibility of organizations and institutions is to serve investors (owners) (A High Performance Work Practices Taxonomy 2013). However, CSR gives organizations additional responsibility beyond serving stockholders to include others such as suppliers, employees, clients, the state, the local community, environmental groups, and special interest groups among many more. Stakeholders are all entities affected by the organizations collectively. Most scholars relate the corporate social responsibility with business ethics as much as they remain different concepts. Broadly, the corporate social responsibility includes legal, economic, discretionary, and ethical responsibilities of institutions. On the other hand, business ethics focus on behaviour of groups and individuals in addition to moral adjustments. Thus, this study concentrates on the role of stakeholders with KLM, the Royal Dutch Airlines in perspective. Responsibility appears when an organization or institution accepts a particular duty and proceeds to endorse the duty with behaviours that correspond to the same. In the case of KLM, social responsibility manifests through legal, corporate, and economic efficient actions to recognize a specific responsibility in the community besides the attempt to satisfy social needs (Allen TX 415) . KLM believes in being a

Jazz Essay Example for Free

Jazz Essay Raised in a home where melodies are often played in the instruments we have or even just hummed by a family member while doing chores, I have grown to love pieces of music especially opera, orchestra and the classics. So when my friends, who are musicians themselves, invited me to one of the performances of a jazz band during the celebration of the University’s anniversary last July 9 at The Technopark, I was feeling rather apprehensive. It is not as what you would expect my genre of choice. I have always typified this particular field as an African-American influenced rhythmic and instrumental form of music. My ears were almost involuntarily programmed to have an distaste to these tunes. But since they started to play, I forgot my earlier impression because I was already enjoying the concert. Savoring the pleasure of listening to the upbeat of jazz music, I was jazzed up and entirely enthralled with the soulful performance of the Jazz Ensemble. In the hands of trumpeter Roy Barja, trombonist Marko Geron, bassist Jeff Flores and saxophonist Brad Cruz, the contrivances took on a unique character, and one whose ebullience can hardly be contained. The ensemble started with a bang of Jazz Story playing different types of jazz music that evolved within the through time until the modern jazz of today. Then, the members of Jazz Ensemble played classics like Victor Young’s â€Å"When I Fall in Love†, George Gershwin’s â€Å"Someone to Watch Over Me† and â€Å"Pink Panther†. With the variety of instruments involved, lush harmonies and textures satiated my ears’ desire for excellent sounds. Each artist had a chance for a nippy glare of publicity. He would play short melodic fragments meant to be repeated by a section of the band with growing passion. They masterfully serenaded and entertained the audience through vocalist Mara Duran who did vocals on â€Å"Orange-colored Sky† and â€Å"It had to be You†. The group kept the crowd swaying and crooning on our seats in time with the beat. Jazz took my heart out from the first notes that had drifted from the instruments up until the faintest tune that was whispered by the wind. That night, I closed my eyes with a trace of smile upon my lips as I hum a segment from the song Love is Here to Stay.

Austins Ditch: The Political Necessity and Impossibility of :: Austin Politics Essays

Austin's Ditch: The Political Necessity and Impossibility of "Non-Serious" Speech ABSTRACT: This essay seeks to show that there are political implications in Jacques Derrida’s critique of J.L. Austin’s notion of performative speech. If, as Derrida claims and Austin denies, performative utterances are necessarily "contaminated" by that which Austin refuses to consider (the speech of the poet and the actor in which literal force is never intended), then what are the implications for the speech acts of the state? Austin considers the speech acts of the poet and the actor to be "parasites" or "ordinary language," "non-serious," and would relegate such speech to a region beyond his consideration, to a "ditch" outside the border of meaning for the performative. Derrida argues that the "contamination" Austin fears for language is necessary for its very performativity. If Derrida is correct, then the performative utterances of the state (e.g. the decree of the judge, "I sentence you...") from the biases of racial or sexual identity is also based upon an impo ssible desire, a desire that goes against the manner in which language functions. I argue that this desire for a just state cannot be satisfied unless racial and sexual identity is viewed not as "parasitic" and "poetic," but as necessary to the performativity of the state’s liberal power. "One will not be able to exclude, as Austin wishes, the 'non-serious', the oratio obliqua from 'ordinary language'." Jacques Derrida (1) In his lectures included in How to Do Things With Words J.L. Austin seeks to exclude from his analysis of performative speech all utterances that do not fall under his notion of "ordinary speech".(2) Ordinary speech that is performative, according to Austin, effects a circumstance by means of the speaking, e.g. a sailor names a ship or a judge says, "I sentence you to six months' probation." Often, the desired effect is not produced because of what Austin calls "extenuating circumstances". But Austin's main concern is for what he refers to as instances of "relative purity" in which there is less a chance of failure or "infelicity" (his term) to spoil the intentions of the speech. Also to be excluded from his considerations are instances of citations of performative speech, as in a play: ...a performative will be in a peculiar way hollow or void if said by an actor on the stage, or if introduced in a poem, or spoken in a soliloquy....Language in such circumstances is in special ways—intelligibly—used not seriously, but in ways parasitic upon its normal use—ways which fall under the doctrine of the etiolations of language.

Presonal Writing: My First Impression Of My Teacher Miss Vicki :: essays research papers

Presonal Writing: My First Impression of My Teacher Miss Vicki   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My first impression of Miss Vicki was a highly authorative figure towering over me. Her voice boomed and the earth shook whenever she marched. She seemed like such an unapproachable and distant person. That was in the first year of High School. She was my Literature teacher then.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During my first year in school, she struck terror in my heart. And everyone else's of course. The mere mention of her name made the most unruly classes silent. The birds stopped screeching. Even the earth felt still. The omniscent presence of rumours stating that she didn't like Junior High students was not much of a help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nevertheless, the 2 years of Junior High passed by rather quickly. Soon, I was promoted to Senior High class. I had worked hard and gotten the subject combination that I wished for. Together with a bunch of old friends, I soon settled down in class comfortably.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As fate would have it, she was fortunate enough to be my form teacher that year. I almost choked in alarm when I heard the news. This time round, however, I resolved not to cower in terror whenever she was near. I decided to face the fact that we were going to meet each other for the next 365 days. Instead of trying too hard to lick her boots, I tried my best to be my natural self in front of her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Still, I could not shake off the ice-cold image that she possessed in my heart. True, her corney jokes sometimes sent me into frolicking laughter, yet at other times these jokes simply fell flat the moment she uttered them. My lovely class, however was always ready to laugh at the right time and place of her amusing stories. Afterall, we would not want to run the risk of her temper erupting in front of us like Mount Saint Helens spewing molten rock and

Education System in Desperate need of Change Essay

Sir William Haley once said, â€Å"Education would be so much more effective if its purpose were to ensure that by the time they leave school every boy and girl should know how much they don’t know, and be imbued with a lifelong desire to know it†. If students were guaranteed to leave school with knowing of what they don’t know and the desire to continue learning, the method of learning will be correct. Today’s education system does not give students the opportunity to enjoy what they are learning. The banking method, where students are empty vessels which educators must deposit knowledge into, deprives them of creativity and the desire to learn. No child is given the chance to shine and be unique. Students today are simply being placed on a conveyer belt, sorted, and then labeled according to their so called intelligence. We need an education system that provides a slower learning method, a method where you focus on what is being learned instead of zipping through it, and the freedom to make mistakes as this will electrify and stimulate students to fulfill their potential. We must recognize students as individuals and keep in mind their diverse backgrounds. In â€Å"Lives on the Boundary,† Rose states, â€Å"The canon has intended to push to the margins much of the literature of our nation: from American Indian songs and chants to immigrant fiction to working-class narratives† (100). The messages that are received from the text are crucial. The students need to be able to relate to what they have before them. One of the problems with today’s education system is we are given material to read, memorize, and expected to repeat it back at the snap of a finger. But without the ability to relate and connect with the material, the learning doesn’t take place. Everything that is read or being said is just going through one ear and out the other. By adding relatable texts, you add life to learning. In â€Å"Learning in the Key of Life,† Jon Spayde states, â€Å"people cannot learn what they do not love† (69). When students are reading or learning about a subject they love, they are inspired and motivated to learn more. This alone can benefit the learning process for students. It becomes much easier to grasp concepts learned in class. Today’s education system does not allow all students to thrive in their own way. It is fast paced with limited space for creativeness. We are given large amounts of information at a time and attempt to move as quickly as possible through all that we can. There is never â€Å"time† to stay longer on a topic. The instructors try their hardest to keep the pace, but this way of teaching does not benefit any student. In â€Å"Learning in the Key of Life†, Jon Spayde states, â€Å"†¦we are focusing far too much of our energy and resources on fast knowledge, ignoring all the richness and meaning slow knowledge adds to our lives† (68). When the focus is on just getting through the material, we are skipping over the value and richness of slow knowledge. Instead of zipping through a lesson because it needs to be done by a certain day to move onto the next, the focus needs to be on what is being learned than making a time requirement. Spayde also states, â€Å"You can figure out what you can do pretty quickly, but the ethical understanding of what you ought to do comes slowly†. We need to adopt the slow learning method, without it we are missing out on more than we think. There is so much more to learning than getting through the material, the purpose of it is to benefit and gain from it. With slow knowledge we will achieve this. One of the most important changes that needs to be done is the view on mistakes. In the article, â€Å"How to Make Mistakes,† Dennett states, â€Å"Mistakes are not just golden opportunities for learning; they are, in an important sense, the only opportunity for learning something truly new†. When fear is being put into a student to never make a mistake, their education is stunted. They lose the ability to explore and take the chance of being wrong because they are repeatedly punished for being incorrect. When a mistake is made, students will learn where they went wrong and will then grow from it. The key to progress is making mistakes. The reason we are in school is to learn, but with this opportunity taken away from students their ability to learn is ripped from their grasp. Daniel C. Dennett also states, â€Å"You should seek out opportunities to make grand mistakes, just so you can then recover from them†. Instead of using all of their energy to attempt to be perfect and run from being inaccurate, every student should look for every opportunity to be wrong. Without errors, the students can not accomplish much. If you look at Todays’ education system is in desperate need of change. No student is given the opportunity to show what they are fully capable of. Instead they are told what they can do. They are simply labeled and placed where they â€Å"should be†. But when students begin to pursue their mistakes and soak in the richness of slow knowledge, they will begin to truly learn. Maria Montessori once said, â€Å"If education is always to be conceived along the same antiquated lines of a mere transmission of knowledge, there is little to be hoped from it in the bettering of man’s future. For what is the use of transmitting knowledge if the individual’s total development lags behind? †. If many students are having difficulty learning in the method we have created ages ago, why not change it? The time is now and there is no time to waste. We must refocus this outdated system to insure that the students will have a secure future and keep the standard of living that we have today.

Reflective Practice Report Essay Example

Reflective Practice Report Essay Example Reflective Practice Report Essay Reflective Practice Report Essay Essay Topic: Reflective Reflective Report Term 1 Primary School, Alderman Davies When I arrived at the Primary school placement, Alderman Davies I met with one of my supervisors in Reception and gave her my details and showed her my CRB. I then went into the reception classroom with her and we had a chat about what the school expected of me and things I would be doing with the children, the times I start and finish. She discussed the polices and procedures with me but explained they do not give them out because they have too many students and would cost them too much money to print for everyone. She asked me if I had any questions for her and explained who I needed to see if I had any problems. She then took me on a quick tour of the school because I knew where a lot of things were because it was the school I attended when I was at primary school. I went to be introduced to some of the new staff and was introduced to my class teacher and the class I would be working with. There I was given my first task of helping the children draw flowers for harvest to be put up as decorations in the church. Whilst I have been in this placement and in the class I was in with mixed ages I have learned a lot about the children and their needs. I have learned that some children in the class who are the same age may need some more support than others. I have learned to judge when children need help or are just being lazy and done really need it, and I have learned to be a lot more patient. I have also learned that it the children trust you very quick and are very venerable, and copy things they see other people doing. Since being at Alderman Davies’ I have enjoyed every minute of working with the children. They all have completely different personality and can be very cheeky if you let them be. They each of them have began to trust me and trust me to do work with them and to look after them during the day. I have loved doing activities with the children that I had been set to do in college and I know the children enjoyed them too. I had so much fun helping prepare the Christmas concert, helping sort out costumes and helping the children learn all the songs. Making Christmas things with the children was very enjoyable and watching them enjoy themselves made me very happy that I helped put the smile on their faces. The thing I dislike the most about this placement is that Teaching assistants didn’t respect me as much as the teachers did. And it knocked my confidence a bit when I was near them, and the some of the children took it as a cue that they could disrespect me to. However I did not let it ruin my time there and I enjoyed it as much as I possibly could. However I disliked seeing the children upset and thought that some of the dinner time supervisors didn’t deal with some of the problems well enough. My strengths during this placement have been that I could turn up on time and I was very creative in thinking of idea’s for helping the children learn and coming up with games for them to play witch they were learning through doing too. Another strength was that I could build good relationships with the children and staff because I was very confident from the beginning and am easy to talk to. This helped me a lot and made me enjoy my time more. I also encourage children to join in with activities and helped them build their confidence be when they say they couldn’t do something took the time to tell them they can do it and helped them to do it and made sure they were able to before I left them. My only weakness was at the beginning I was very nervous of doing activities with the children because I didn’t know them and had never done it before. With help from kind staff and just gave it my best short and my confidence grew even more and I am now able to explain tasks to the children with confidence. If I was to do this placement again I would do it all the same because I absolutely enjoyed everything and all my time there. However I would not worry about anything and have more confidence at the beginning. Information I would give to students coming behind me would be is have a brilliant time and enjoy every minute because it goes so fast. I would recommend to have confidence because the teachers know how you feel because they were in your position once before. I would advise to be patient and take time to listen to the children and to stay on top of the work because it could mount high on top of you and its worth doing. Ill be sad to leave this placement so enjoy everything.

Othello Essays

Othello Essays Othello Paper Othello Paper The audience, having been introduced to Othello by Iagos motiveless malignity,1 expects this man to be professionally bombast and animalistic. In fact Othello is not named until the third scene, thus dramatising his blackness and bestiality. However this preconception of Othello is immediately undone when he successfully calms the angry Brabantio and satisfies the suspicious Duke and Senators. Othellos heroic nature cannot be doubted due to the solidity of his character in the first two acts of the play; as Rebecca Warren notes, Othello possesses a mythical and monumental quality that cannot be denied; he speaks and acts powerfully in a way that inspires confidence in his character. 2 This essay will explore the extent to which Othellos heroism is interdependent with his love for Desdemona, and what implications this dependency will have on the power of both. Othellos first action in the play is to convince Brabantio, the Duke and the Senators that he genuinely loves Desdemona, not that he has used mixtures, a dram or a practice of cunning hell to seduce her. Shakespeare allows Brabantio to speak before Othello, immediately creating a confident and superior character in the latter. When Othello does make his case, he uses linguistic devices befitting a hero with great control over both himself and others, Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors rude am I in my speech and little blessed with the soft phrase of peace. Tim Blake Nelson uses non-dietetic mounds in the willow scene, Even the sun goes down Heroes eventually die these lyrics are foreshadowing the decline of the tragic hero and the audience is left to wonder about the events that to unravel. The Issue of race Is a quintessential aspect In both play and film. The racist undertone In Othello and O explores the Idea that Othello and Odin are seen as outcasts, haltingly that the universal value of race Is everlasting. The protagonists different ethnic background provides a platform for examining Ideas of racial conflict. Accepted part of public life; people of color were often thought of as savage. Shakespeare would have encountered no societal pressures against presenting such ideas. Yet he doesnt actually portray Othello as inferior, in fact he is represented as the noble savage. Although Ago makes him sound despicable in the first-act, Shakespeare then shows Othello as a well-spoken and highly regarded military leader. Shakespeare, throu gh the use of characterization, explores the critical factor of race all throughout his play. Othello the moor is consistently seen as an outsider. Ago initiates racial slurs and tension amongst all characters. In Act 1, Scene 1 He scribes Othello and Adhesions consummation as an old black ram Tipping A white ewe and making the beast with two backs. These racial innuendoes implicate the true feelings Ago has towards Othello and that he cannot look past the color of his skin. Othello could easily be read as a racist play. Its tragic hero is often described in racist, degrading tones. Tim Blake Nelsons setting of contemporary American enable him to explore racism more overtly in O. Odin and Dies Jokingly discuss their different races. When she disapproves of his use of enigma, he tells her that he is allowed to say it but she Anton even think it. Ironically Odin is haunted by a profound self-consciousness about the color of his skin. When Hugo tells him that Dies and Mike called him the enigma, the camera has an extreme close up of Dins face, and through expression it is evident that Dins worst fears are confirmed and he then begins to act out in rage and self-loathing, beginning the downward spiral of the tragic hero. Tim Blake Nelson has empowered this particular scene by employing dramatic irony; the audience knows to not trust Hugo although Odin does not. One of the most radical differences between the play is the setting. Othello takes place in the 17th century, Venice, contrasted against O, which takes place in an American private school, this is to exude the major time difference. Shakespeare has taken advantage of the patriarchal society that was in place in the 17th century. Desman throughout Othello represents one extreme of the stereotypical female, the passive ideal wife, and Emilie represents the other extreme, an independent and assertive woman. At the end of the play, Othello smothers Desman to death, she screams out O, Lord! Lord! Lord! through the use of apostrophe Desman is ailing out to the heavens, suggesting that she was controlled and manipulated to a greater degree. It is later revealed that Ago behind the events, bringing to light his duplicitous nature. Ago as a misogynist is a crucial example of the way women were perceived as Just pawns in the game of concurring Othello. The protagonist in O is power hungry and dominating. In the first party scene hip- hop music is employed to Juxtapose the divide between black and white in the preppy private high school. Symbolism has been initiated in the scene where Odin puts the rubber band around Deeds finger; he has blatantly declared his ownership ND power of Des. The rubber band is also the color green, which relates back to the green-eyed monster, this leitmotif signifies Jealousy and power. Shakespearean Othello and the contemporary appropriation O by Tim Blake Nelson, both explore the universal values of Jealousy, race and the domination of women. The themes and techniques used empower both play and film to help determine the values of each respected time. Although there are differences, ultimately the values attitudes and ideas explored do remain constant throughout history while maintaining textual integrity.

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que French has three interrogative pronouns: qui  que, and lequel, which are used to ask questions. They all have differences in meaning and usage. Note that lequel  is a more complicated case and, as such, is addressed separately. Also, while qui and que are also  relative pronouns,  we are only discussing them here in their function as interrogative pronouns. How to Use Qui   Qui  means  who  or  whom; it is used when asking about people. When  who  is the  subject  of the question, you can use either  qui  or  qui est-ce qui. The word order cannot be inverted, and the verb is always third person singular. Qui veut le faire  ? / Qui est-ce qui veut le faire  ?   Who wants to do it?Qui parle  ? / Qui est-ce qui parle  ?   Who is speaking? When whom is the object of the question, qui can be followed by either est-ce que or inversion, as in: Qui est-ce que vous aimez  ? / Qui aimez-vous ?   Whom do you love?Qui est-ce que tu vois  ? / Qui vois-tu  ?   Whom do you see? Qui can also follow a preposition. qui est-ce que tu parles  ? / qui parles-tu  ?   To whom are you speaking?De qui est-ce que tu dà ©pends  ? / De qui dà ©pends-tu  ?   Upon whom do you depend? How to Use Que Que means what and is used to refer to ideas or things. When  what  is the subject of the question, you must use  quest-ce qui  followed by a verb in the third person singular, with no inversion. Quest-ce qui se passe  ?   Whats happening?Quest-ce qui est tombà © sur la terre  ?   What fell on the ground? When what is the object of the question, it can be followed by est-ce que or inversion. Quest-ce quil veut  ? / Que veut-il  ?   What does he want?Quest-ce que tu penses de mon idà ©e  ? / Que penses-tu de mon idà ©e  ?   What do you think of my idea?Quest-ce que cest (que cela)  ?   What is that? Que to Quoi After a preposition, que changes to quoi. De quoi est-ce que vous parlez  ? / De quoi parlez-vous ?   What are you talking about? quoi est-ce quil travaille  ? / quoi travaille-t-il  ?   Whats he working on? More Examples of the Interrogative  Qui and Que Qui donc ta frappà ©Ã‚  ?   Who hit you? Qui est-ce qui en veut  ?   Who wants some ? Qui cherchez-vous  ?   Who are you looking for? Cest qui  ?  Ã‚  Whose is it,  to whom does it belong? qui le tour  ?   Whose turn (is it) ? De qui parles-tu  ?   Who  (ou  whom) are you talking about? Qui est-ce que tu connais ici  ?   Who do you know around here? qui est-ce que je dois de largent  ?   Who do I owe money to ?,  to whom do I owe money?  (soutenu) Quy a-t-il  ?   Whats the matter ? Que devient-elle  ?   Whats become of her? Quest-ce que je vois / jentends  ? What is this I see / hear ? Quest-ce qui tarrive  ?   Whats the matter with you? Quest-ce que la libertà ©Ã‚  ?   What is freedom? Summary of French Interrogative Pronouns Subject of question Object of question After preposition People quiqui est-ce qui quiqui est-ce que qui Things quest-ce qui quequest-ce que quoi

BUSN300 UNIT 2 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

BUSN300 UNIT 2 IP - Research Paper Example This paper will highlight the presentation of a new president of a local chamber of commerce in the United States addressing the expected GDP growth rate and give business leaders an idea of the outlook of business based on history and expected conditions. It will also highlight GDP trends, forecasts, statistics, determination and interpretation. Annual United States GDP in 2012 grew by 2.2 percent, as compared to a 1.8 percent increase posted in 2011 (BEA, 2012). The 2012 increase basically mirrored positive inputs from both residential and non residential fixed investments, expenditure on personal consumption and exports. Nevertheless, the GDP went down to 1.5 percent in the last quarter of 2012 as compared to the third quarter, denoting a decrease of 0.10 percent. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, GDP had gone up by 3.1 percent in quarter three (BEA, 2012). The fourth quarter’s drop in GDP was attributed to reduced contributions seen in exports, federal spending and private investment. However, increases in personal consumption expenditures, nonresidential fixed investments and reduced imports served to offset the drop in part. Business, educational, rental, financial and professional service account for a combined 40 percent of the United States GDP. Wholesale and retail businesses contribute 12 percen t. However, although the United States is a net food exporter because of using advanced technologies, agriculture only makes up for the GDP’s 1.5 percent. The economy’s total output can be determined in either of several ways available. The common ways include terms of income paid out, which sums up the different income forms that primary production factors receive (Michael & Alm, 1999). The other is in terms of subsequent expenditure arising from the income. In accounting for GDP, it is ensured that total production matches income which, in turn, matches expenditure. That implies that all goods produced within the economy

Building types emerging in 19th century britain Essay

Building types emerging in 19th century britain - Essay Example Another major reason for the coming up buildings in the 19th century is the advancement towards development of better hygienic standards. The ‘Great Stink’ led to the development of major buildings and structures in Britain. In the 19th century Britain witnessed some industrial expansions. This was influenced by the increase in the middle class, who increased the demand for goods and services thus creating a platform for the emergence of new business ideas. The improvements in the business sector fuelled the improvement in the trade sector. Quoting from theKogan communications (2008) the trade sector returns improved from 28.7 to 52 million pounds from 1809 to 1839. Ranging from the sea and railway sector, the country experienced major trade boosts. Notably, Britain lagged behind in the motor vehicle industry since most of the vehicles were propelled by horses, less self-driven vehicles were available. Therefore the slow development in the sector led to the improvement o f the other transport industry and mainly the railway sector. As a result the textile, manufacturing, metalwork and mining industries grew, since the transportation industries provided a means of ferrying the raw materials. The French revolution influenced the major changes in Britain, since the British leadership was afraid of the influence that the revolution would course to the country. The Oxford University Museum of Natural History is designed using neo-Gothic architecture. Located in Parks road, Oxford, England, the institution was built as a supporting educational center housing various lecture halls for the university. The museum was built to concentrate the various facilities of teaching which were spread out through the various colleges located in the city of Oxford. Notably, Britain initially practiced agriculture, with 2 million out of the 15.75 million in the field, but with changing times the people diversified to industrialization thus there was a need of structures t o house this industries and train individuals to achieve the required skills. Most of this changes were triggered by the policies made by the house of Commons. Britain underwent several political changes with various political movements developing, and activists taking initiatives to represent the interests of the citizens. Thus additional buildings were required.During the 19th century Britain’s population increased briskly. Half the population lived in the urban centers and in order to provide sufficient housing for the increasing population, new buildings had to be built. OxfordMuseum’s structure was influenced by John Ruskin who believed that the building should be designed and influenced by the natural world . The designing of the museum was done by two architects namely; ThomasNewenham Dean, of an Irish origin and Benjamin Woodward. During the Industrial Revolution the Christian Socialist managed to convince the workers to organize themselves to achieve economic independence, thus twenty eight people organized themselves and started businesses. The same ideology is reflected when Henry Acland who worked in the Anatomy Museum, in line with ensuring independence and achievement, advocated for the construction of the museum to aid the students and the public in learning more about science and making scientific findings. Dean and Woodward won the tender due to their prowess as portrayed in the building of the Trinity College Museum, in Dublin

To Organize or Not to Organize Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

To Organize or Not to Organize - Research Paper Example Not only this, but, the company also help supply oil and transmission outlets, car dealers, firms in tucking, industrial sites, generators, gas pumps, garages and maritime vessels. The company is one of the biggest producers of oil in United States and enjoys a good reputation within the industry and their revenue and growth percent has also increased around 80% over the last three year, hence no proposing any need for a unionized employees. However, conditions in a growing corporation seldom remain the same and at one point or another scenarios and situation rises, which calls for the formation of a labor union within the company. However, for the past three years that I am working in this firm, I have seen some negative aspect of working conditions for the labors when recycling the used oil or transporting them to different retailers. Furthermore, few of the cases with my fellow employees have surfaced in the organization, but to my surprise no action or corrective measures were taken considering that this firm is one of the respected oil companies. Upon researching solely and contacting other major trade unions in field of Oil extracting and reproducing tha t having a unionized employee within a firm is essentially required before taking any huge step. Therefore, I am interested and have taken the responsibility of initiating a unionized employee to make the working condition for the employees a better one. As a union labor within the corporation will ensure that the proposals put forward by the employees are not being rendered inconvenient or useless. Similarly, this will empower the employee to so that the one who are timid or unable to stand up for them can have a platform to speak out their mind, besides the threat of controversy always works in favor of the employees (Fossum, 2006). The first situation that smoke of something unpleasant, arise in the recycling part of the corporation.

Warehouse management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Warehouse management - Essay Example It has become outdated when a company could take an order and quote to deliver after a month or two but today delivery is either the same day or in some cases the next day. This happens to keep your existing customer, which is far cheaper than finding a new one hence satisfying a current customer becomes paramount. Reichheld and Teal (2001) in a well-established research found , 5 percent customer retention can increase many companies profits by 25 to 95 percent, and cost of 6 to 7 times more for gaining a new customer than keeping an existing one. To ensure organizations maintain high performance in their operations that contribute to customer retention and satisfaction the idea of a warehouse has helped them to increase their accuracy, timeliness, customer is provided with the right product in the right condition and at the right time. This paper addresses the measures that enhance the performance of a warehouse. Performance and productivity of the warehouse is measured to ensure customer expectations and continuous improvement of the warehouse and avoid incurring additional costs and loss of customers. The suitability of any of the measures is governed by customer expectation, although they need to align to the company’s resources. Rushton, Croucher and Baker (2010), asserted that the method used should address both the cost of service provision and the level of customer service. Here, the areas measured within the warehouse are cost, flexibility, reliability, and asset utilization. There are a number of measures used nowadays in warehouses, which are based on productivity, cost performance measures, and those related space, labor, and equipment utilization. Most warehouse managers experience a big problem of inadequate space with many warehouses operating with about 20 percent of their available space at any time. Warehouses with high space utilizations result in high cost on employees for their

Wallmart (Global Economy, Global Competition) Research Paper

Wallmart (Global Economy, Global Competition) - Research Paper Example The size of an average store is 108,000 square feet. Each store employs about 225 associates. Wal-Mart Supercenters were developed in 1988 to meet the growing demand for convenient, one-stop family shopping. First opened in 1998, there are now 168 Wal-Mart Neighborhood Markets. A typical store is about 42,000 square feet. Wal-Mart Express has been created to offer low prices every day in a smaller format store that provides convenient access for fill-in and stock-up shopping trips. Sam Walton, the mind behind Wal-Mart focused, on a single idea: selling merchandise at the lowest price possible. So he made sure everyone worked hard to keep costs as low as possible. Walton continued to drive an old pickup truck and share budget-hotel rooms with colleagues on business trips, even after Wal-Mart made him very rich. He demanded that his employees also keep expenses to a bare minimum, a mentality that is still at the heart of Wal-Mart culture more than a decade after Waltons death. The company has continued to grow rapidly after his death in 1992 and now operates four retail divisions; Wal-Mart Supercenters, Wal-Mart discount stores, Neighborhood Market stores and Sams Club warehouses (New York Times, 2012). Wal-Mart had its creation in the mind of Sam Walton who promoted a single idea: sell merchandise at the lowest price possible. It began with Wal-Mart working hard to keep the costs of their company as low as possible. This idea moved from their company to their suppliers as they asked them to be as frugal as possible. As the company grew in size, they began looking for every way to wring out the last penny of savings from materials, packaging, labor, transportation, and display. The result was "the Wal-Mart effect (Ghemawat & Mark, 2006). Because of its size Wal-Mart wields incredible power. This especially creates problems for local retailers forcing them out of business. Economist

Warehouse management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Warehouse management - Essay Example It has become outdated when a company could take an order and quote to deliver after a month or two but today delivery is either the same day or in some cases the next day. This happens to keep your existing customer, which is far cheaper than finding a new one hence satisfying a current customer becomes paramount. Reichheld and Teal (2001) in a well-established research found , 5 percent customer retention can increase many companies profits by 25 to 95 percent, and cost of 6 to 7 times more for gaining a new customer than keeping an existing one. To ensure organizations maintain high performance in their operations that contribute to customer retention and satisfaction the idea of a warehouse has helped them to increase their accuracy, timeliness, customer is provided with the right product in the right condition and at the right time. This paper addresses the measures that enhance the performance of a warehouse. Performance and productivity of the warehouse is measured to ensure customer expectations and continuous improvement of the warehouse and avoid incurring additional costs and loss of customers. The suitability of any of the measures is governed by customer expectation, although they need to align to the company’s resources. Rushton, Croucher and Baker (2010), asserted that the method used should address both the cost of service provision and the level of customer service. Here, the areas measured within the warehouse are cost, flexibility, reliability, and asset utilization. There are a number of measures used nowadays in warehouses, which are based on productivity, cost performance measures, and those related space, labor, and equipment utilization. Most warehouse managers experience a big problem of inadequate space with many warehouses operating with about 20 percent of their available space at any time. Warehouses with high space utilizations result in high cost on employees for their

Cultural Norm Assignment cultural anthropology using book by carol r Essay

Cultural Norm Assignment cultural anthropology using book by carol r. ember Melvin Ember - Essay Example The definition of culture that relies on social groups means that it is a relative concept that varies from one cultural group to another (28). One of the major characteristics of culture is its dynamism that can be considered from two perspectives, cross sectional dynamism and dynamism. Cultural dynamism refers to transition in cultural constructs within a cultural group over a period, or across cultural groups. Dynamism within a group may for example be realized across generations while dynamism across groups identifies fundamental differences in values and practices among cultures. The dynamic feature of culture is important to anthropologists’ interest of understanding and explaining how the changes occur and driving factors behind the changes (Ember and Ember, 6). Other important characteristics of culture include mode of learning that is social, the fact that it is shared among members of a community and its associated symbols. Anthropologists therefore need to understand what culture is and how it works so that they can identify and develop meanings from the different characteristics of culture. This is particularly important with indigenous cultures whose fundamentals can be traced over time, and compared with other cultures (Anthro 1). The observed cultural norms in a nursing set up were scientific belief on causes of illness and honest expressions in communications. These two are considered norms because they are common practices that have been historically observed and considered cultural. They facilitate service delivery in the health care set up that requires cooperation between care personnel and patients. Cultural belief on causes of diseases is for example instrumental on a patient’s willingness to seek treatment and the scientific norm of causes of diseases facilitates scientific approaches towards provision of health

Puritan Essay Example for Free

Puritan Essay During the 1630s to 1660s, Puritans to a vast extent powered the ideas and values on the New England colonies through the political, economical and social development with their belief in religion. Politcally, the did not divide the difference between the government and church. Economically, obtained a work ethic that allowed them to grow, and socially they expanded the knowledge of their religion and education. The Puritans had migrated to New England because they were unsatisfied with the Anglican Church in England and the forming of the Protestant religion. After immigrating to New England a majority settled in Massachusetts forming the Massachusetts Bay Colony along with many other Puritan colonies. They came here in hopes of creating a theocracy, a way to have a new form of government and society. They wanted to escape the Catholic influence they had in Great Britain. They did have some political involvement with town meetings for the townspeople which they did not have in England. The line between church and state was unclear. Many of the colony’s laws were based on the people’s behavior and the Puritan values. As Nathaniel Ward believed state laws should go together with the morals of the church. In the views of Puritans, the government should not have all the power because tribulations will occur and all order should be under the church. As Reverend John Cotton explicated, giving more power to man than is needed will only allow them to misuse it; therefore, they should only allow as much power that God gives to them by his word. God is seen to be the leader, so the church displayed religious rules of the church which the colonies willingly followed. They would not accept anything less from the people other than to serve God and be under his obedience for they lived life for Him. Puritans did not like the idea of freedom of religion. They wanted to be seen as only one religion because they believed having more than one religion would only cause conflict and disagreement. Puritans did not like the idea of freedom of religion; however, Roger Williams saw flaws in the Puritan views of the relationship with church and state. He believed that they should be separate which caused him to be expelled from the church. They did not accept anything other than the belief that church was more important. Politically, Puritans carried their faithful obedience to God and brought government under the church. As they began to settle, their towns began to grow. Churches and schools sprang up to expand the knowledge of their religion. Schools were built to teach the children about the Bible and the importance of it in their lives. The people promised to put all their knowledge of God into the children and servants to the best of their ability (Doc C). With the churches they wanted to expand their theocracy. John Winthrop, the leader in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, wrote that they must all work together as one and help each other so that the could be led to the right path by God. Winthrop says that they are the â€Å"city upon a hill. † With everyone eyes on them they needed to demonstrate the level of their Christianity. If they all have faith together and rejoice together, with the will to better their community God will present help for them. Puritans believed everyone should believe in God. They looked to advance the education in New England with learning because of the effect it would have. They wanted to educate their ministers to stress religion so they built Harvard, the first college. They wanted to stress religion so they tried to teach it to those in school. The Puritans used the educational level of society to influence others of their strong religious beliefs. Puritans believed that a greater outcome will come if they worked hard. They thought prosperity and success would only come if this was done. A hard working ethic was established due to this view and many gained determination. This allowed them to establish a strong commercial economy. They worked mostly on farms, which many were established in the colonies, and traded goods for other goods they did not obtain. Winthrop did fear that his people would have more satisfaction for the wealth rather than the â€Å"piety† that was presumed to bring financial plunder. Many built their economy with the trade of their goods and the farming techniques. Farming took months due to the hard work that came with it and the short growing season. The Puritan commercial economy grew and many gained wealth from this, but they still looked to work hard and for piety for their success. The ideas and values of the Puritans separated them from other forms of people. Their way of thinking and views set up for a religious society was drastically diverse. The political, social, and economical development structured their way of living and their prosperity.

Music Production

Music Production Music Production: 1.What are the issues concerning file formats, size and quality when exporting a finished track from Logic/Cubase? There are several issues to consider when exporting a finished track from a DAW, the major one being the destination of a piece of music. Be it CD, Vinyl or I Tunes they all have their own format issues. To store digital audio the audio voltage is sampled which, on playback, corresponds to a certain levels of signal in an individual channel, with the resolution (sample rate) you chose to use. This data can then be stored uncompressed or compressed to reduce the size, naturally even though a huge 94khz 32 bit file would sound amazing, it would be huge and for stuff like websites or for people to store on their I tunes the size needs to be compressed. DAWs like Logic or Cubase have options when you export as to which format you want. For mastering for vinyl there are many issues, lets start with the basics. The volume of your record is directly linked to the total time of each side. This means if you intend to have it played in clubs by DJs, the most time per side should be around 12-13 minutes for 12† records. When the side length is less than 9 minutes, the loudness will be at the maximum for 33 1/3 rpm cuts. However for every minute over 13 minutes per side, you lose about 1 db in volume on the side in most cases. This is noticeable when a vinyl is pressed with two tracks on each side therefore comprising on volume and you also get the so-called â€Å"S† distortion (sibilance). When the master has too much high frequency on vocal â€Å"S†, â€Å"T†, and â€Å"F† sounds, it will end up overloading on playback, causing noticeable distortion. This also happens when hi-hats, cymbals, and any high frequency sounds that are in your mixes are too hot. This can also mean the louder yo ur record is cut, the worse the problem will be. The same applies for bass and if you have a track with heavy sub bass that has been mastered badly the bass can eat up all the headroom in the mix and also heavy bass cuts a bigger groove into the vinyl taking up more space. So you can have all the fun you want for compact disc mixing. But for vinyl mixes, its suggested by mastering companies to not add compression or any digital processing, leave the mix for vinyl production as untouched as possible. For CD the issues are that you need stereo 16 bit 44.1 kHz files (the format for CD audio) they require about 5 MB of disk space per channel per minute. So for example, 2 minutes of CD audio requires 20 MB of disk space. 2 channels times 5 MB times 2 minutes = 20 MB. Using a greater bit rate or sample rate will increase the disk space required, and will also increase demands on the computers hard drive and processor. CD mastering engineers recommend they will need a mix that peaks at -3dB. The whole mix should not be compressed, unless by a very experienced engineer using a very good compressor. Too many mixes are submitted to that have been over-compressed using a cheap plug-in. This cannot be removed. As far as archiving and storing your completed project safely and properly, first of all back up your project on to external hard drives being sure to collect all the samples and consolidate each time you save. As far as which file format to use there is one major uncompressed audio format, PCM, which is usually stored as a â€Å".wav† on Windows or as â€Å".aiff† on Mac OS. WAV and AIFF are flexible file formats designed to store more or less any combination of sampling rates or bitrates. This makes them suitable file formats for storing and archiving an original recording. By storing your project in this format you can load it up again and export a compressed or mastered version for different destinations. References: http://www.wikirecording.org/File_formats#Audio http://www.urpressing.com/advice.php http://www.littlebazaar.co.uk/pages/digital-audio-cd-mastering.php 2.Use an imaginary budget of  £3000 for each, put together an equipment list for two possible computer based recording setups: a permanent PC based studio/home setup for an artist/producer working largely alone, and a mobile Mac based setup for recording bands. Evaluate the software and hardware options for each, and the specifications and performance of the desktop/laptop you choose. Portable I have gone for the cheapest macbook in the â€Å"pro† range as it offers better performance and room to upgrade, (the basic macbook doesnt even come with firewire!) I chose the Focusrite soundcard as I know there stable from my research and there reasonably priced. For software I chose Logic Pro as it goes hand in hand with the macbook and offers many recording features and easily handles recording multiple channels and can be used to mix a track without the need for a desk. For microphones I have chosen the best for the money and tried to cover all recording needs. I have also selected some good quality budget headphones for the engineer and the band as well as all the necessary leads I could think of and still come under  £3000. 1 x 13-inch Macbook Pro: 2.26GHz =  £918 Intel Core 2 Duo 2GB Memory 160GB hard drive SD card slot Built-in 7-hour battery NVIDIA GeForce 9400M graphics card. 1 x Focusrite Saphire Pro 24 Firewire Soundcard =  £250 FireWire Interface Excellent routing flexibility and rock-solid driver stability. Two award-winning Focusrite pre-amps JetPLLâ„ ¢ jitter elimination technology I/O options: Two additional analogue inputs, six analogue outputs, ADAT inputs (for expanding the interface with, for example, Focusrites OctoPre), stereo SPDIF I/O and 2 virtual ‘loopback inputs Front panel 5-LED metering Zero-latency 18 x 8 DSP Mixer/Router software provided with Saffire PRO 24 Software: Logic Pro =  £150 Mics: 1 x AKG D112 =  £115 (The D 112 can handle high sound pressure levels making it perfect for Kick Drum recording) 2 x Shure SM58 =  £192 (classic industry standard used for all sorts of situations) 1 x Rhode NTK =  £379 (Valve Condenser Microphone for high-end recording applications, great for vocals) 1 x AKG C414 =  £525 (quality mic especially used for accurate, beautifully-detailed pickup of any acoustic instrument) Headphones: 1 x Sennheiser HD 25 Mk2headphones (for the producer/engineer) =  £150 â€Å" probably the most popular Pro headphones on the market. The HD25 Mk2 headphones have high quality closed cups help reproduce a superb all round sound. Features detatchable lead and comfortable headband† decks.co.uk 3 x AKG K99 =  £105 (less expensive so there are plenty to go around for band members etc.) Leads: 10 x XLR to XLR Microphone Lead. XLR male connector to XLR female connector. Two core screen cable 6mm diameter. Length 6M =  £8.12 each Top of Form 5 x XLR Jack Mic lead with XLR and 6.35mm jack connections. 10.0m length =  £9.45 each Bottom of Form Total =  £2912.45p References www.dv247.com www.akg.com www.store.apple.com/uk-storehttp://tweakheadz.com/ Permanent PC Based Studio/home setup for an artist/producer working largely alone For this setup I have focused on the idea that if the artist/producer was largely working alone at home, the best solution would be the sort of deal they offer at â€Å"Sonica Labs† one of the biggest retailers of high end custom built PCs designed to the best specifications (money permitting). If I had  £3000 to spend on a setup for home that would sound superb and enable me to do professional quality mixes and tracks I would go for this which is the cheapest option of this model from the Sonica Labs website, I know a lot of big producers use these and coupled with the RME Firewire soundcard, the UAD plugins card and Pro Tools you would have more than enough to keep you going. Although the  £3000 didnt allow for any monitors which if your serious can cost another  £3000 so I didnt even go there which I appreciate might be wrong but I really feel this deal would be the one to go for in the circumstances. 1 x Sonica Labs 19† Rack Mount HUSH-QXR / XLR8 Workstation (including all the components listed below) Intel Quad Core / Core i7 920 2.66GHz 6GB DDR3 triple channel (3 x 2gig) Seagate 500GB, 32MB cache, 7200 RPM, SATA II 2 x Seagate 1000GB, 32MB cache, 7200 RPM, SATA II Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium 64bit (or 32bit) Blu-ray disc burner HD DVD-ROM / DVDRW / CDRW RME Fireface 400 Firewire Soundcard Universal Audio UAD-2 Solo plug in card Protools M-POWERED 8 for M-AUDIO music systems Total =  £3004 References www.shop-sonica.com 3.Research and write an analysis of how networking practices can impact on the process of music production? The creation of networks has been a massive development in the process of music production. It has meant the use of small networks in studios or offices where computers on a network can all access a server where they can have shared hard drives. This sort of networking is extremely useful in such situations like in an audio for media editing studio where a whole group of people working with a huge library of sounds that would never fit on one computer can all access it with optical leads and run the samples from the networked hard drive. However, the topic of networks also covers the biggest network in the world, which is the Internet. Since its creation, which was originally an idea by the American military to transfer secret information and later for some universities in America to have a way to share information between separate universities, the Internet has boomed to say the least. It now means that networks our part of all of our day to day lives. The Internet is a hot topic in the music industry and the idea of everyone with an Internet connection being able to access files and share information with everyone in the world and cover more territories than an old record label or shop could ever of dreamed of has caused the sale of physical mediums like CD and Vinyl to drop, and meant a lot of independent record shops and big chains having to shut down, alongside I tunes announcing in April 2008 that; â€Å"The iTunes ® Store (www.itunes.com) surpassed Wal-Mart to become the number one music retailer in the US, based on the latest data from the NPD Group*. With over 50 million customers, iTunes has sold over four billion songs and features the worlds largest music catalog of over six million songs.† Along with this in 2010 they announced the 10 Billionth download! It is clear to see that the Internet isnt going to go away and the thing that scares the record companies when it comes to illegal downloads is that its so hard to police, it is now the case that people will use file sharing networks online to share files that can include illegal content such as musicians albums, singles and even vocal accapellas. It can even be a case of an artist completing an album that has taken years to produce only to have it leaked a month before the official release. It can mean huge problems for artists and they will employ people to search the Internet for these very leaks. I think the future for me and my independent label is bright and that has a lot to do with the internet as we hold the view that if we release our stuff digitally for free then bring out select tracks that people like to mix on vinyl we can focus on getting income from the live shows we get booked for, it is nice to have a physical CD but the idea of digital and using social networking a nd forums along with our own website to promote and get our music out there is the best way for us. References http://www.apple.com http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/resources/guides/g2/s2.htm

Directing the Actor Playing Macbeth in Act 2 :: Drama

Imagine you are a director. Direct the actor playing Macbeth in Act 2 Scene 2. Shakespeare's Macbeth has been a play out of the ordinary. It was written to upset, and show life at its most cynical and brutal. It is among his darker pieces of work along with Othello, King Lear and Hamlet. It was also written to please the current King of England at the time, King James I. The play is based on real Scottish history, as King Duncan was killed by one of his kinsmen who then became King. It is set within a Scotland in which frequent wars occur. Returning one of theses wars are Macbeth and Banquo - generals of the Scottish army. Lady Macbeth has made a soliloquy, in which she has asked demons to take away her sexuality and have it replaced with evilness. She asked literally to have her 'breast milk replaced with bile'. Having her milk replaced with bile would supposedly give her the ability to do masculine actions. She desires power and starts to mildly bully her lover, Macbeth, and ridicule his masculinity. She talks about a smiling baby and then one with it's brains smashed out she'd prefer this to having a husband unwilling to kill in cold blood. Lady Macbeth challenges Macbeth to prove his masculinity, by aiding her in killing King Duncan, who will soon be a guest at their house. The conspiracy is that they kill the King and smear the blood on his guards, which would make them the prime suspects. Macbeth is next in rank and is likely to become the next King of Scotland. Between them, there is an enormous desire to gain power and become leaders of the country. With this desire and Lady Macbeth's challenge combined, you have the play of Macbeth. Shakespeare has cleverly set the play in certain themes, such as ambition, good vs. evil, disorder and the supernatural. In this scene, Lady Macbeth will rendezvous with Macbeth in the courtyard as he returns from his challenge - the murder. Act 2 Scene 2 is an early climax of the Macbeth play. Anticipation has built whilst the conspiracy has been planned and the audience would be very eager to see what happens, as they have been posing questions in their head which need answering, such as 'Will they get caught?' or 'Will Macbeth become the King of Scotland?' A murder always attracts interest, and a murder of high treason would multiply such interest and excitement. It is highly significant as the infamous murder is committed here (not chronologically - it is not shown in the play).

Affirmative action Essays -- essays research papers

Affirmative action is a term used to describe rules and regulations that were established to protect minorities and women from being discriminated against (Simmons 1982). Affirmative action has changed the way people were treated since it was first brought into order in 1961 by president John F. Kennedy through executive order 10925(Alexander 1999). It helped established more opportunities for minorities and women in education, employment and housing (Dietz 2001). Nevertheless, affirmative action has caused much controversy in our society and whether it has benefited America (Altschiller 1991). As a result, there are those who believe minorities have benefited, yet the dominant group has suffered. Before the passing of executive order 10925, minorities and women were treated unfairly. Before president Kennedy brought the executive order into action, minorities suffered a great deal of discrimination. In the past, minorities were abolished from specific areas. For instance they were not allowed to use the same bathrooms as whites (Alexander 1999). The minorities were spatially segregated from the rest of society meaning outsides did not accept them; they weren’t allowed to obtain certain jobs, live in close proximity to the dominant group or receive the same educational opportunity (Parrillo 2003). After Kennedy, president Lyndon Johnson established several laws that helped establish better opportunities for minorities such as his â€Å" Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1965 and then the office of Federal Compliance in 1967†(Alexander 1999). In addition, he was simultaneously establishing the Fair Housing Act as well as the Economic Opportunity Act. The Civil Rights Movement was one of the major contributors to the establishment of the parity laws. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it possible that the federal level could enforce the law on those who violated it, which helped give minorities the protection they needed from the Dominant group. After the implementation of affirmative action and the laws that followed, â€Å"the proportion of blacks in white-collar jobs grew from 10% to 24% and the ratio of black median family income to white rose from 55% to 62%†(Alexander 1999). As one can clearly see, there were major improvements for minorities. They were given more opportunities to contribute to society without facing discrimination from businesses, educa... ... affirmative action. Furthermore, how much someone earns is usually based on their ethnic background and their gender. Affirmative action has caused controversy and will continue to cause it for years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works citied Alexander, A. & Jacobson K. (1999). Affirmative Action. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research: A Critical Reconnaissance, 23(3) 9p Altschiller d. (1991). The reference shelf: Affirmative Action. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company Dietz, T. (2001). Sociological Spectrum. The unrelenting significance of minority statuses: gender, ethnicity, and economic attainment since affirmative action. 21(1) 20p Friedl, J. (1999). Change. Documentation of how affirmative action benefits all students, 31(4) 6p Gross B. (1977). Reverse Discrimination. New York: Prometheus Books. Parrillo, V. (2003). Strangers to these shores.Boston: The Book Company Simmons, R. (1982). Affirmative Action: Conflict and Change in Higher Education after Bakke. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thomas, W. Review of Black Political Economy. Mitigating Barriers to Black Employment through Affirmative Action Regulations: a case study. 27(3) 22p

Financial Accounting Theory And Practice Essay

If you developed a theory to explain how a person’s cultural background influences how they prepare financial statements, would you have developed a positive theory or a normative theory? The first of all, it is important to understand the mean by a ‘theory’. According to Contemporary Accounting Theory 4e, Oxford English Dictionary provides various definitions, including: A scheme or system of ideas or statements held as an explanation or account of a group of facts or phenomena A positive theory based on some assumptions and, through logical deduction, enables some predictions to be made about the way things will be. In particular, their success in explaining or predicting particular phenomena will then typically be assessed based on observation. For instance, Watts and Zimmerman’s positive theory of accounting relying on the other researchers such as Jensen and Meckling (1976) and Gordon(1964). A normative theory based on the norms (or values or beliefs) held by the researchers proposing the theories. For example, Chambers issue has paid attention by researchers, however, they recognised and measured in different ways. If I developed a theory to explain how a person’s cultural background influences how they prepare financial statements, I will develop a positive theory. (Word count: 170) QUESTION 2 – Question 1.3: What is a conceptual framework, and would it be considered to be a positive or a normative theory of accounting? According to IFRS website shows, the definition of Conceptual Framework follows: The Conceptual Framework sets out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial statements. It is a practical tool that assists the IASB when developing and revising IFRSs. The objective of the Conceptual Framework project is to improve financial reporting by providing the IASB with a complete and updated set of concepts to use when it develops or revises standards. In term of accounting, the conceptual framework of accounting should be considered as a normative theory of accounting. Because of a normative theory based on the norms (or values or beliefs) held by the researchers proposing the theories. (Word count:111) QUESTION 3 – Question 1.27 (NEW): The International Accounting Standards Board has a number of roles, including formulating accounting standards and developing a conceptual framework. Is the work they do in developing an accounting standard or the conceptual framework normative or positive in nature? In the given circumstance, the conceptual framework of accounting is an example of a normative theory of accounting. Relying on various assumptions about the types or attributes of information useful for decision-making, The CFA provides guidance on how assets, liabilities, expenses, income and equity should be defined, when they should be recognized, and ultimately how they should be measured. It also shows in Australia Accounting Standards Board (AASB) website, The original framework document and any previous compiled version can be found using the Browse for pronouncements page In the table below, the Notes column identifies when the framework document listed is a compiled version. â€Å"Extra† identifies when additional IASB supporting material (e.g. Basis for Conclusions) is available. (Word count: 117) QUESTION 4 – Question 1.33 (NEW): In this chapter we provided quotes from Gray, Owen and Adams (2010), in which they discuss an apparent herding phenomenon that seems to be occurring in respect of the selection and use of particular theories. They state, ‘there has been a strange herding tendency, especially around legitimacy theory’, as well as stating that they ‘also have a sneaking feeling that institutional theory may be coming up fast as the next theory around which to herd’. What do they mean by this apparent practice of ‘herding’, and what are some possible advantages and disadvantages that are related to this practice? In the give circumstance, a common phenomenon in herding is the management of some enterprises, marker behaviour. As inadequate of information and lack of understanding, it is hard for investors to make reasonable expectations of future marker uncertainty, are often extract information by observing the behaviour of those around, in which information is continuously passed, many people will be roughly the same information and reinforce each other, resulting in the herd behaviour. ‘Herding’ is a kind of nonlinear mechanism of the non-rational behaviour resulting from individual rational behaviour of the collective. The advantages of the performance of ‘herding’ for the adoption of specific or temporary situation advantage concept and the way of behaviour is accepted on the long-term nature of the dominant idea and behaviour way. However, people will follow the public agree, to their own opinions with default negation, and not subjective thinking about the meaning of events. (Word count: 149) QUESTION 5 – Question 1.35 (NEW): Do we really need financial accounting theory if all we are interested in doing is developing accounting standards? In the given question, people really need financial accounting theory if  people interested in developing accounting standards. The progresses of theories are indicate how accounting should be done, describe and explain current accounting practices, predict accounting practice, provide principles to take into account when taking action or making decisions, and help to identify problems and deficiencies with current accounting practice and improve accounting practice Therefore, theories can prepare accounting standards state that fair value should be used when calculating goodwill on acquisition, depreciation should be calculated on the basis of useful economic life, etc. A theory of capital budgeting helps us with choosing among investments; a theory of revenue recognition helps to determine when and how revenue should be recognised; it might reveal deficiencies in the way we presently measure profit; or understanding deficiencies may promote change. Hence, the conceptual framework is used as a basis for drafting accounting standards. (Word count: 150)

Disease in the News Critical Appraisal

There has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS in men who have sex with men in the US. Trends suggest that between the years 2001 to 2004, the number of HIV/AIDS cases is rising in African American and Hispanic populations compared to the White population. The survival rates after 3 years were the lowest for men belonging to the African American and the Hispanic community compared to the White community. Since, the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS especially in men who have sex with other men.The article is a thoroughly peer-reviewed journal suggesting that the information is current, evidence-based, validated and researched carefully. The authors of the article include Hall, H. I. , Byers, R. H. , Ling, Q. , and Espinoza, L. They work for the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, which is a unit of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, US. The journal has given the details including the contact address and the email ID of the authors thus permitting clearance of queries and doubts. The authors are well versed and experienced in the field of HIV/AIDS.Hall and Byers have completed their PhD, Ling has done MS, and Espinoza has completed DDS. The authors are from various groups, and hence they would express the problems of these groups in their work. Each of the authors has played a different role in bringing out the journal. The writing, origin of the study, designing of the study, review and the interpretation has been done by Hall. Major contributions of the writings and modeling of the data has been done by Byers. Ling has performed analysis of the data and the data progression details.Espinoza has done the interpretation and discussion of the data. As this study was just about collecting data and not performing a clinical trial, it did not involve following a protocol. The article has been broken into various subtopics including abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion and references. Credential web sites such as Pub med and the CDC have also cited the article. The article is about the diagnosis of HIV in the male homosexual population, and determining the rate at which the disease progresses.The researchers are interested on working with this topic as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has seemed effective in delaying the symptoms of the disease and the development of fatal outcomes from the disease. In the 1990’s, there was a reduction in the mortality rates arising from AIDS, due to development of HAART. This therapy is able to reduce the viral load. Since the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS due to the increase in homosexual men amongst certain segments of the population.Another indicator of the trend of men having sex with other men was the rise in the number of cases of syphilis in the male homosexual population. The cases of HIV/AIDS were especially high in men below the age of 30 years. In o ther parts of the world, the results obtained from similar studies were different. For example, in the UK, it was found that the high incidences of HIV/AIDS were observed in men who had sex with men between the ages of 25 to 44. The incidences of HIV/AIDS increased in higher numbers in the African-American and Latin populations compared to the Whites.It was about 10 and 3 times higher. Before this study was conducted, HIV/AIDS was not detected in a high proportion of the study model. The Whites were more aware of their HIV status compared to the Hispanics and the African-American population. This suggests that the Whites are more likely to start HAART faster and develop better outcomes with the disease. The data was collected for this study by the HIV surveillance system in place. Several statistical methods such as Poisson regression was utilized to determine the HIV diagnosis rates.The study demonstrated that higher rates of HIV/AIDS were observed in homosexual men belonging to Af rican-American and Hispanic background compared to other segments of the population. Besides, the survival rates after 3 years was also lower the same populations. HIV progressed faster in Hispanics and African population. The article talks about a specific population, namely the homosexual men. The geographical area of this study was limited to the United States. However, the results of the study were compared to other countries such as the United Kingdom.The various ethnic groups that were studied included Hispanics, African-American and Whites. The CDC performed the study. The article does make claims of the treatment. In this case, it is HAART to treat HIV/AIDS. HAART plays a major role in reducing the mortality and morbidity from HIV. The study picks up some evidence available from 1996-1999 in which HAART was utilized to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. This may be in the fact that HAART helps to reduce the viral load in infected people.The article speaks of the ongoi ng emphasis given to the Governments Healthy People 2010 policy, and the need to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. The article also aims to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS in the homosexual male population especially. There are various strategies suggested for treatment including prevention, early diagnosis, HAART therapy, etc. The article has used about 48 current and relevant journals written by authors whose credentials are also good. The user can access the abstract of the references by clicking on the link provided. References: Espinoza, L., Hall, H. I., Campsmith, M. L. et al (2005), â€Å"Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses — 33 States, 2001—2004,† CDC MMWR, 54(45), 1149-1153. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5445a1.htm Hall, H. I., Byers, R. H., Ling, Q. et al (2007), â€Å"Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States.† AJPH, 97(6), 1060-1066. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/97/6/1060

Philosophy( ethical interview) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy( ethical interview) - Essay Example She is a humanitarian as well as an environmentalist. She recycles every week and is usually inclined to bring in stray cats and dogs when she spots them along the street. Jenny’s L.P.N. position brings her to the aid of many elderly individuals who are incontinent and unable to manage the basics of personal care. Certain aspects of her job place her in a position of having to change diapers or clean up messes involving bodily fluids. This is a task which would cause even the strongest of stomachs. When asked how she is able to stomach such tasks, she says that she is reminded of her elderly grandparents who require similar levels of care. She recalls how they came from such terrible events in history and yet continued on with their lives disallowing the events of the Holocaust from keeping them from living their lives and from being productive human beings. She is so proud of this legacy, that she gleans a sense of perseverance from their attitude. She also tends to see many of her elderly patients as individuals who have been through most of what life has had to offer; and that those individuals deserve our respect and care. Because of this p hilosophy, Jenny is motivated to care for these elderly patients in a way that honors them in a manner of dignity and respect. Jenny tends to work more with elderly citizens at her hospital position more so than with middle age individuals or children. This is a job that many in the nursing field would rather not do. There is certainly a difference between changing the diaper of an infant and the diaper of an elderly person. Because of her feelings on the elderly and her love and respect of them; she is very enthusiastic about being able to care for them on a day to day basis. She often finds herself having to feed them or assist them with their meals and snacks. This is an opportunity she says, to allow them to open up and talk. Sadly, Jenny says

Learning disability Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning disability Nurse - Essay Example It can also be a lifelong condition (Health Grades Inc, 2009) However, in 19th and 20th centuries, several institutions have been developed to address the health care needs of people with LD and this became the period of moral awakening in the area for better care and treatment for â€Å"special persons†. In 1996, The UK National Health Service Executive formulated a sequence of markers for six (6) medium term priorities, in order to integrate the efforts among service providers, health authorities, general practitioners and regional offices (UK National Health Service Executive, 1996). Within the United Kingdom (Department of Health, 2001), the term â€Å"mental handicap† was changed in the early 1990s; thereby calling it as the â€Å"learning disabilities† and does not embrace specific learning difficulties like dyslexia, dyspraxia, as well as other related learning difficulties. The same term is used within nursing services. The said term is directly analogous to the terms â€Å"intellectual disabilities† or â₠¬Å"mental retardation† that is utilized in the United States of America.   In United Kingdom, community care is widely recognized as superior to that of the institutions (Emerson & Hatton 1994). People’s support to learning disability is very strong and not only viewed as a professional activity for nurses. In fact, practitioners who are working within the UK learning disability services operate amidst a range of agencies such as public; not for profit; and the private institutions. The National Health Service (NHS), together with their nurses and social workers represent the public sector health care team. In particular, the institution was able to operate for several years according to team settings in the community. In the same manner, Community Mental Handicap Teams, in which name was replaced as Community Learning Disability Teams (McGrath & Humphreys 1988),

Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Brand management - Essay Example In order to meet the growing demand, WALLS decided to open an ice-cream factory in the year 1959 at Gloucester, England. Later in the year 1981 Unilever combined T Wall and Son Ice-Cream Ltd with Birds Eye Foods Ltd to formulate a new company named â€Å"Birds Eye Wall’s Ltd†. The ice-cream factory further expanded and grew with time and Unilever still continues the brand â€Å"WALLS† in U.K. and other parts of the world. WALLS is facing tough competition with both, high-profile and lesser famous brands like Nestle and Mars but has still maintained its position as a market leader by constantly coming up with innovative products like Magnum, Cornetto, Viennetta, Carte Dor and many more. Wall’s products are sold and known in almost more than forty countries. It operates under various names in various markets having a common logo (Wall's in the UK and majority parts of Asia, Ola in Netherlands, Langnese in Germany, Kibon in Brazil and Algida in the Italy) STR ENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Strengths Production of quality, hygienic and affordable products Strong distribution network Available world-wide Use of latest and new technology Outstanding and unique packaging Weaknesses Weather conditions can act as a barrier. The demand for ice-cream decreases in cold weather conditions, therefore, walls should come with some products like coffee, yogurt, shakes and cakes. They are unable to meet the growing demand. MARKETING MIX WALLS PRODUCT AND PRICING WALLS have different Sub brands under its umbrella which includes Cones, Cups, Family Packs and Sticks. The major brands below WALLS with distinctive identity and ability are Cornetto, Magnum, and Feast these brands are powerful and have their own awareness amongst consumers. Other brands are however sharing the same identity and are known as products of WALLS. WALLS is constantly innovating by adding to their product portfolio. They bring new products to capture and retain the market they have, if the product is not doing so well they remove it from their portfolio and discontinue its production a example can be Calypso among the existing products WALLS consider every product as a Strategic one except paddle pop. Walls products include Bulk packs of 4.5 and 9 litres and the main current products of WALLS are listed below. WALLS have fixed pricing for their products but occasionally they give discounts on certain products. PROMOTION ATL Activities WALLS is very energetic in its promotional activities and is always innovating. ATL activities include Print ads; they are continuously using this medium whatever the season maybe. They know that print material generates good response because a person has time to view it again and again on his requirement. Apart from this they use active and strategic Bill boards to promote their products and Tv commercials are also used at high level. The campaigns are also doing well and are getting the product and the company positive response. BTL Ac tivity Walls also pay a lot of attention to BTL activities and we can see them sponsoring many events. Even on lower levels Walls always is interested to sponsor College events and they also used to conduct TTL activities earlier such as WALLS carnival. Walls distribute strategic merchandise

Habeas corpus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Habeas corpus - Essay Example y the various causes of imprisonment of the prisoners and then take decisions about the further progress relating to their imprisonment (Federal Judicial Center, 2013). Habeas Corpus is a petition, which has been originated from the English common law during the period of fifteenth century. In the year 1679, the writ became the part of the England Statutory law. This plan has been initiated by the American colonial court as a part of common law with the inclusion of certain rights. In the year 1789, it can be apparently observed that the ‘writ of Habeas Corpus’ was mainly issued by the federal court with the influence of Congress for the prisoners who were in federal custody. However in the year 1807, Supreme Court countered federal court and declared that the federal court will not be the issuer of the ‘Writ of Habeas Corpus’ due to having lack of authority (Epstein et al., 2014; Paschal, 1970). The historical evolution of habeas corpus with the inclusion of English and American traditions can be mainly determined with varied rights that it entails for protecting civil liberties. It will be vital to mention in this simila r concern that the major rights of this writ can be ascertained as assessing the rights to be granted to the individuals belonging to America and most vitally determining whether individuals are imprisoned legitimately or must be released immediately from custody among others (Garrett, 2012). It will be vital to mention that the ‘Federal Habeas Corpus’ is available for all the prisoners of the US. In relation to the above context, it can be affirmed that the writ also works as a protector of human rights. It is applicable for all people regardless of gender, race and social status and especially for all the people who are imprisoned in federal nation. As apparently noted, the deferral of habeas corpus becomes necessary at the time of occurring any sort of rebellion and invasion that lay the chances of hampering individual interests

The Effect of English Law Human Rights Act 1998 Essay

The Effect of English Law Human Rights Act 1998 - Essay Example The courts in the UK are required to give effect to the provisions of the ECHR, which bestows new powers upon the UK judges. It also requires public authorities to comply with the provisions of the ECHR. In the area of employment law, the HRA focuses on unfair dismissal of employees. The present employment law is effective in protecting the interests of employees. However, in the wake of the HRA, employers would have to be more cautious in their dealings with their employees (Human Rights Act takes effect, 2000). The Human Rights Act 1998 introduces several provisions that relate to employment law. The Act prohibits the unfair dismissal of employees. For instance, Eurostar, reinstated two female employees, it had dismissed for wearing trousers, due to the enactment of the Human Rights Act. The dismissal of female employees, on grounds of inappropriate dress, is generally on the basis of a substantial reason. This clause has been removed by the new Act. However, it does not provide any novel and enforceable rights to employees (Hirst, 2000, 3). Some rights under the European Convention on Human Rights, such as the Article 3 rights that prohibit torture, or subjection to inhuman or degrading treatment, are absolute rights. Judges are required to maintain a balance between the rights and the responsibilities of individuals with regard to their commercial interests. Article 9 provides the right to hold religious beliefs. This is an absolute right; and individuals have the right to manifest their religious beliefs through worship, teaching, practice and observance. These activities can be conducted, either in private or in the public (Lammy). Although it is absolute in nature, it has to be limited to ensure the interests of public safety and to protect public order. The rights and freedoms of people belonging to other religions have to be respected. As

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay Example for Free

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay The world has over the last few years been witnessing a remarkable rise in awareness in philosophical ideologies that are geared towards the environment. A number of theories such as animal rights, eco-feminism, deep ecology, bio-centric ethics and other theories have been proposed with the main aim of providing value to the environment. Environmental philosophies have helped in exploring various causes of environmental destruction and the proposals they put across that would help to reverse the trend of destruction and restore the environment to an acceptable level. Most of the practices that these theories try to raise are geared towards grappling with the effects produced by the industrial and economic cultures that thrive in most countries. However, a variety of issues arise pertaining to the applicability of environmental ethics and whether the theoretical outcomes are attainable (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Nature has always been an important aspect of human life, this is evident with the recent surge of focus in the subject as more and more people become aware of the environment. The issue of environmental ethics came into being as a discipline in schools in the 1970’s. Philosophies during the 1960’s had the perception that the late 20th century would witness a ‘population time bomb†. Rachael Carol was one of the vocal scientists who drew much attention to the issue of an environmental crisis by detailing the impact that pesticides would have on the environment. Lynn White jr. also did a masterpiece essay that traced the roots of environmental crisis by arguing that Judeo-Christian thinking was a major contributor in the over-exploitation of nature. He argues that the thinking was that human beings were superior to nature, which is a theory that is widely discussed in theology and history. This as he argues tends to cause a kind of arrogance towards nature and this tends to be a cause environmental crisis (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Polluting or destroying the environment is behaviors that are considered as immoral and this perception proves that human beings are embracing the concept that a sustainable environment is necessary for survival. However, the process of keeping a sustainable environment may mean culling animals, destroying overpopulated species, putting out natural fires and this often leads to some issues such as the morality of the actions taken. Another issue that arises is the restoration of an environment after destruction such as when a mining company restores a land after working on it for a while which begs the question of whether there is a â€Å"difference between restoring an environment or a natural one† (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Modern day scientists have often argued that finding a distinction between â€Å"instrumental values and intrinsic values† is of great importance (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Instrumental values mean that are usable while on the other hand, intrinsic values are not reusable are an end to their survival. Fruits are considered to be of instrumental value to bats that feed on them since this makes the bats survive. The fruits on the other hand are not widely regarded as having an intrinsic value for themselves. This debate has been one of the contentious environmental ethics issues. Things considered being of intrinsic value demand protection morally with regard to those that are instrumental. Most traditional thinkers often tagged the term intrinsic value only to humans with a renowned philosopher Aristotle arguing that â€Å"nature has made all things specifically for the sake of man† which means that everything else is classified as instrumental (Keller 2010). However, with the advent of the environmental ethics, the issue of man’s moral superiority to other species in the planet is been challenged. The other borne of contention that is trying to be tackled, is the classification of intrinsic and instrumental values among various species. Modern scientists have often argued that the main essence of environmental ethics is directed towards providing moral grounds for policies that are aimed at protecting the planets environment and tackling issues of environmental degradation before they get out of hand (Keller, 2010). The fate of the outcomes that environmental ethics aims to fulfill lies in how various laws will be enacted. A considerable number of philosophers have come up with ideologies and they should be used in order to formulate laws so as to promote environmental values that are acceptable and also attainable. Everybody should be part of ensuring that the environment is being conserved so as to ensure survival of for the present and future generations. It cannot escape out attention that we are living in a nuclear age where we heavily depend on energy that produces waste which some of it is hazardous to the environment and even unrecyclable. These types of waste require careful management in getting rid off, so as to ensure that they do not pose significant threats to the environment. Although these types of waste may not have short-term effects at the present, they may be catastrophic for the future generation and thus the need to practice wise environmental ethics at the present to ensure survival and a future for the planet. References: Keller, D. R. (2010). Environmental Ethics: The Big Question. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Brennan, A. and Lo, Y. (2009). Environmental Ethics, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), derived on August 16, 2010 http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/win2009/entries/ethics-environmental/ .

Leadership Style Development

Leadership Style Development LEADERSHIP A process that influences other people to achieve an objective and guides the company in a way to make it more coherent and cohesive is called leadership. You can also define leadership as a process of leading people in the right direction in order to achieve goals. LEADERSHIP STYLES Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Whether you are managing a team at work, captaining your sports team or leading a major corporation, your leadership style is crucial to your success. Consciously, or subconsciously, you will no doubt use some of the leadership styles. The style that individuals use will be based on a combination of their beliefs and values and preferences , as well as the organizational culture and norms. The leadership styles we look at here are: Autocratic leadership Bureaucratic leadership Charismatic leadership Democratic leadership Laissez faire leadership people oriented leadership Servant leadership Task-oriented leadership Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Situational Leadership 1. Autocratic Leadership: This is often considered the classical approach. It is one in which the manager retains as much power and decision-making authority as possible. The manager does not consult employees, nor are they allowed to give any input. Employees are expected to obey orders without receiving any explanations. The motivation environment is produced by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. 2. Bureaucratic Leadership: Bureaucratic leadership is where the manager manages by the book ¨ everything must be done according to procedure or policy. If it isnt covered by the book, the manager refers to the next level above him or her. This manager is really more of a police officer than a leader. He or she enforces the rules. This is a very appropriate style for work involving serious safety risks (such as working with machinery, with toxic substances or at heights) or where large sums of money are involved (such as cash-handling). 3. Charismatic Leadership: A charismatic leadership style can appear similar to a transformational leadership style, in that the leader injects huge doses of enthusiasm into his or her team, and is very energetic in driving others forward. The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader working the room as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at any one moment, making that person feel like they are, for that time, the most important person in the world. 4. Democratic Leadership Style: The democratic leadership style is also called the participative style as it encourages employees to be a part of the decision making. The democratic manager keeps his or her employees informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities. This style requires the leader to be a coach who has the final say, but gathers information from staff members before making a decision. Democratic leadership can produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time. 5. Laissez-Faire Leadership Style: This French phrase means leave it be and is used to describe a leader who leaves his or her colleagues to get on with their work. It can be effective if the leader monitors what is being achieved and communicates this back to his or her team regularly. The laissez-faire leadership style is also known as the hands-off ¨ style. It is one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Most often, laissez-faire leadership works for teams in which the individuals are very experienced and skilled self-starters. 6. People-Oriented Leadership or Relations-Oriented Leadership: This style of leadership is the opposite of task-oriented leadership: the leader is totally focused on organizing, supporting and developing the people in the leaders team. A participative style, it tends to lead to good teamwork and creative collaboration. However, taken to extremes, it can lead to failure to achieve the teams goals. 7. Servant Leadership: The servant leader serves others, rather than others serving the leader. Serving others thus comes by helping them to achieve and improve. When someone, at any level within an organization, leads simply by virtue of meeting the needs of his or her team, he or she is described as a leader. In many ways, servant leadership is a form of democratic leadership, as the whole team tends to be involved in decision-making. The leader has responsibility for the followers. Leaders have a responsibility towards society and those who are disadvantaged. People who want to help others best do this by leading them. 8. Task-Oriented Leadership: A highly task-oriented leader focuses only on getting the job done, and can be quite autocratic. He or she will actively define the work and the roles required, put structures in place, plan, organize and monitor. However, as task-oriented leaders spare little thought for the well-being of their teams, this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership, with difficulties in motivating and retaining staff. Task-oriented leaders can benefit from an understanding of the Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid, which can help them identify specific areas for development that will help them involve people more. 9. Transactional Leadership: The transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. 10. Transformational Leadership: A person with this leadership style is a true leader who inspires his or her team with a shared vision of the future. Transformational leaders are highly visible, and spend a lot of time communicating. They dont necessarily lead from the front, as they tend to delegate responsibility amongst their teams. While their enthusiasm is often infectious, they can need to be supported by detail people. Working for a Transformational Leader can be a wonderful and uplifting experience. They put passion and energy into everything. They care about you and want you to succeed. 11. Using the Right Style-Situational Leadership: While the Transformation Leadership approach is often a highly effective style to use in business, there is no one right way to lead or manage that suits all situations. When a decision is needed, an effective leader does not just fall into a single preferred style, such as using transactional or transformational methods. In practice, as they say, things are not that simple. Appropriate Style of Leadership for 21st Century: A good leader will find him or herself switching instinctively between styles according to the people and work they are dealing with. This is often referred to as situational leadership. For example, the manager of an Avalon Aviation Academy trains new candidates using a bureaucratic style to ensure operatives know the procedures that achieve the right standards of product quality and workplace safety. The same manager may adopt a more participative style of leadership when working on production line improvement with his or her team of supervisors. There are some forces that influence the style to be used after assessing the questions: How much time is available? Are relationships based on respect and trust or on disrespect? Who has the information you, your employees, or both? How well your employees are trained and how well you know the task. Internal conflicts. Stress levels. Type of task. Is it structured, unstructured, complicated, or simple? As the new era has been started with the advancement in the technology field and there is no single style is better in 21st century. The best leadership style of 21st century would be the mix of all or some of the above stated styles as per the scenario of the organization. Even selecting the appropriate style for leadership these qualities should be in the leader to manage the organization. A good leader uses all the above styles, depending on what forces are involved between the followers, the leader, and the situation. Some examples include: Using an authoritarian style on a new employee who is just learning the job. The leader is competent and a good coach. The employee is motivated to learn a new skill. The situation is a new environment for the employee. Using a participative style with a team of workers who know their job. The leader knows the problem, but does not have all the information. The employees know their jobs and want to become part of the team. Using a delegative style with a worker who knows more about the job than you. You cannot do everything! The employee needs to take ownership of her job. Also, the situation might call for you to be at other places, doing other things. Using all three: Telling your employees that a procedure is not working correctly and a new one must be established (authoritarian). Asking for their ideas and input on creating a new procedure (participative). Delegating tasks in order to implement the new procedure (delegative). The most appropriate mix of leadership styles is Democratic, Servant and Transformational Leadership. The most using style in all the organization of the world. But there are also some situations where the leadership style is successful in each situation. These are followings: In some situations, an autocratic or authoritarian style is appropriate: In critical situations, where one leader is required When the leader has specific knowledge that others do not In some situations, a delegative style is appropriate: If a team member knows more than you do about a task When work loads and deadlines are pressing (shared success builds team cohesion) In most situations, a participative style is appropriate: Especially when team members understand the objectives and their role in the task To gain engagement and buy-in from all team members (it is noted that participative decision making is different to participative leadership and not always possible) Question: How come a leader can be effective in one organization move to another and seems to fail miserably discuss? A good leader is one who does not simply control his team members. Instead he sets himself as a role model. The task of the leader is to take the people from where they are to where they have not been. A leader need not be a superman. These are the following situation in which different style of leadership fail. The reasons behind these are Autocratic Leadership Style: It is the most effective style to use in these situations:- New, untrained employees who do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to follow Effective supervision can be provided only through detailed orders and instructions Employees do not respond to any other leadership style There are high-volume production needs on a daily basis There is limited time in which to make a decision A managers power is challenged by an employee The area was poorly managed Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization But is it will be miserably failed in these situations in the same organization or in the different organization Employees become tense, fearful, or resentful Employees expect to have their opinions heard Employees begin depending on their manager to make all their decisions There is low employee morale, high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage Democratic Leadership Style: The democratic leadership style is most effective when The leader wants to keep employees informed about matters that affect them. The leader wants employees to share in decision-making and problem-solving duties. The leader wants to provide opportunities for employees to develop a high sense of personal growth and job satisfaction. There is a large or complex problem that requires lots of input to solve. Changes must be made or problems solved that affect employees or groups of employees. You want to encourage team building and participation. Democratic leadership style should be failed badly in these circumstances where There is not enough time to get everyones input. Its easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision. The business cant afford mistakes. The manager feels threatened by this type of leadership. Employee safety is a critical concern. Bureaucratic Leadership: This style can be effective when the organization of this type. Employees are performing routine tasks over and over. Employees need to understand certain standards or procedures. Employees are working with dangerous or delicate equipment that requires a definite set of procedures to operate. Safety or security training is being conducted. Employees are performing tasks that require handling cash. This style is ineffective in organizational environments where Work habits form that is hard to break, especially if they are no longer useful. Employees lose their interest in their jobs and in their fellow workers. Employees do only what is expected of them and no more. Laissez-Faire Leadership Style: This is an effective style where behavior of employees in an organization is like these Employees are highly skilled, experienced, and educated. Employees have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own. Outside experts, such as staff specialists or consultants are being used Employees are trustworthy and experienced. This style should seem failed when the following situations falls. It makes employees feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager. The manager cannot provide regular feedback to let employees know how well they are doing. Managers are unable to thank employees for their good work. The manager doesnt understand his or her responsibilities and is hoping the employees can cover for him or her. Situational Leadership: These are the most effective approach for you in a situation where; The skill levels and experience of the members of your team. The work involved (routine or new and creative). The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous). You own preferred or natural style. Question: Compare and contrast the leadership of Tony Blair and Pervaiz Musharraf.Use relevant course module in your discussion. Do you think these leaders can continue their success? Give reasons. Tony Blair as a Democratic Leader Tony Blair (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair) was born in May 6, 1953, Edinburgh, Scotland but spent much of his childhood in Durham, England. He studied law at Oxford and then practiced law until 1983. Blair was soon a rising Leader of what became known as the new Labour movement, with positions more centrist on fiscal affairs and social issues like crime. He became leader of the Labour Party in 1994, and three years later Blair was 44, making him the youngest British prime minister since Lord Liverpool in 1812. Blair was re-elected in Parliamentary elections in 2001 and 2005. He has always described himself as a social democrat and no doubt.he is a democratic leader of Labour Party. He led the party to victories in the 1997, 2001, and 2005 elections. He made several decisions with the mutual consulting of his party and with the coordination of opposition party. Blairs government implemented a number decision in his regime as listed below 1997 manifesto pledges, Introducing the minimum wage, Human Rights Act Freedom of Information Act Regional devolution, Establishing the Scottish Parliament, The National Assembly for Wales, The Northern Ireland Assembly. Control of interest rates to the Bank of England, Good Friday Agreement. War on Terror in 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq. In his first six years, Blair had British troops ordered into battle five times Rights for gay people in the Civil Partnership Act 2004 Tony Blair as Prime Minister has played a significant role in †¢ Foreign Policy Blair argued that the relation with US is in Britains interest to protect and strengthen the bond regardless of who is in the White House. However, one-sided compromising personal and political closeness tends to serious discussion of the term Poodle-ism in the media. †¢ Security policy Blair introduced anti-terrorism and ID card legislation.Under Blairs government the amount of new legislation increased which attracted criticism. Blair increased police powers by adding to the number of arrestable offences, compulsory DNA recording and the use of dispersal orders. Relationship as a Democratic Leader : Tony Blair made relation with the UK parliament and other world role as a democratic leader Relationship with Parliament As a diplomatic leader,he replaced the then twice-weekly 15-minute sessions of Prime Ministers Questions held on Tuesdays and Thursdays with a single 30-minute session on Wednesdays. In addition to PMQs, Blair held monthly press conferences at which he fielded questions from journalists. Relation with other leaders of World Blair had a deep feeling for Israel as he born in part from his faith. Blair met Michael Levy a pop music mogul and fundraiser. He had been cool towards the right-wing Netanyahu governmenta and Ehud Barak, with whom Blair forged a close relationship. He also responded positively to Arafat, whom he had met thirteen times since becoming prime minister, regarding him as essential to future negotiations. Blair forged friendships with several conservative European leaders, including Silvio Berlusconi of Italy, Angela Merkel of Germany and more recently Nicolas Sarkozy of France. Post-Prime Ministerial career Diplomacy After resignation from his post of Prim minister he also served as a leader in the diplomatic envoy in Middle East for the United Nations, European Union, United States, and Russia. In May 2008, Tony Blair announced a new plan for peace and for Palestinian rights, based heavily on the ideas of the Peace Valley plan. Private sector In January 2008, it was confirmed that Blair would be joining investment bank JPMorgan Chase in a senior advisory capacity and that he would advise Zurich Financial Services on climate change. Blair also gives lectures for a 90-minute speech. Yale University announced on 7 March 2008 that Blair will teach a course on issues of faith and globalisation at the Yale Schools of Management and Divinity as a Howland distinguished fellow during the 2008-09 academic year Charity On 14 November 2007, Blair launched the Tony Blair Sports Foundation, which aims to increase childhood participation in sports activities, especially in the North East of England, where a larger proportion of children are socially excluded, and to promote overall health and prevent childhood obesity. Honours Blair is presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. On 22 May 2008, Blair received an honorary law doctorate from Queens University Belfast for distinction in public service and roles in the Northern Ireland peace process. On 13 January 2009, Blair was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush in recognition of exemplary achievement and to convey the utmost esteem of the American people, War on Terror and his role in achieving peace in Northern Ireland. Downfall of Blair Leadership Blair has no doubut a good leader ship qualities as a democratic leader but due to some decesion made in his tenur of Prime minister,the graph of his popularity go down. 1. Relation with US Government As the United Kingdom has its own place in the world but due to one sided relation with US government the, Blair was criticized by the public as well as other (Media Foreign leader). Nelson Mandela said that Blair as the U.S. foreign minister. Blair has also often openly been referred to as Bushs poodle. Kendall Myers, a senior analyst at the State Department, reportedly said that he felt a little ashamed of Bushs treatment of the Prime Minister and that his attempts to influence U.S. policy were typically ignored: Anthony Seldon revealing conversation between Bush and Blair, with the former addressing the latter as Yo, Blair was recorded when they did not know. Blair was sometimes paying insufficient attention both to the views of his own Cabinet colleagues and to those of the House of Commons.Due to this,he was criticised as not that of a prime minister and head of government, which he was, but of a president and head of state-which he was not. Nobel prizewinning playwright Harold Pinter and former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad, have accused Blair of war crimes. 2. Invasion of Iraq The participation in the invasion on Iraq in 2003 due to the reason the weapons of mass destruction.Blair strongly supported United States foreign policy rarding invasion of Iraq. As a result, he faced criticism over the policy itself and the circumstances in which it was decided upon-especially his claims that Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction, which have not been discovered. 3. Israel-Lebanon Conflict Blair was criticized for his failure to immediately call for a ceasefire in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with members of his cabinet openly criticizing Israel. Jack Straw, the Leader of the House of Commons and former Foreign Secretary stated that Israels actions risked destabilizing all of Lebanon. Significant number of ministers pressured Blair to publicly criticize Israel over the scale of deaths and destruction in Lebanon. Yes, of course this leader can continue their success by using these; Keep communication open: If the marketplace of ideas is going to be open for business, everyone needs to feel comfortable enough to put their ideas on the table. The democratic leadership style thrives when all the considerations are laid out for everyone to examine. Focus the discussion: Its hard to keep unstructured discussion productive. Its the leaders job to balance being open to ideas and keeping everything on-topic. If the conversation begins to stray, remind everyone of the goal on hand and then steer it back. Make sure to take note of off-topic comments and try to return to them when they are pertinent. Be ready to commit: In the democratic leadership style, you get presented with so many possibilities and suggestions that it can be overwhelming and difficult to commit. But as the leader, when the time comes, you have to choose and do so with conviction. The team depends on the clear and unambiguous mandates to be committed. Respect the ideas: You and your team might not agree with every idea, and thats ok. It is important, however, that you create a healthy environment where those ideas are entertained and considered not maligned or the flow of ideas will slow to a trickle. Explain, but dont apologize: You want the advocates of the solutions that were not selected to understand that their thoughts were considered and had validity, but that ultimately you had strong reasons to go a different direction. Its important that the decision be communicated, but you should not apologize for deciding on what you think. Pervaiz Mascara as an Autocratic Leader General (ret) Pervez Musharraf, born 11 August 1943 in Nehar Wali Haveli meaning House Next to the Canal, situated in Kacha Saad Ullah Mohallah, Daryaganj in Delhi, British India, is a Pakistani politician and military figure who served as the tenth President of Pakistan (2001-2008) and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army (1998-2007).He took power on 12 October 1999, following a nonviolent military coup and subsequent ouster of the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The military-led government stated its intention to restructure the political, economic and electoral systems. On May 12, 2000, Pakistans 12 member Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted Musharraf executive and legislative authority for 3 years from the coup date endorsing his governance. In 1961, he entered the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul, graduating 11th in his class. He was commissioned on April 19, 1964 in the Artillery Regiment. Later he joined the Special Services Group and was posted to Field Artillery Regiments. A graduate of the Command and Staff College, Quetta, and the National Defence College, Rawalpindi, Musharraf is also a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies of the United Kingdom.During his tenure has done several deceision as an Autocratic Leader. Economy of Pakistan come out of the list of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Improvement of fiscal policies and macro-economic achievements. Space Program, which was last frozen in 1996 unfreezed in his tenure as well as new established a separated fund for SUPARCO to developed its high-powered HRLV, SLV, PSLV projects. War on Terror in 2001 invasion of Afghanistan Enlightened Moderation as an alternative to Islamic Poverty alleviation, the poverty level dropped from 34% to 24% and the overall living standard improves dramatically. Exceptional setup of 47 universities, including Virtual University Womens Protection Bill on 15 November 2006 Ethnic Minorities Rights, appointed a Christian, Derick Cyprian, as a federal minister.In August 2005, Justice Rana Bhagwandas (a Hindu) was sworn in as acting Chief Justice of Pakistan. Corruption in country decreases, as per Transparency International, from 11th most corrupt country to fall down to 41st. and In 2007, according to Transparency International, Pakistan is clearly ranked 138th out of 179 countries. Relationship as a Democratic Leader : India Musharraf was Chief of Army Staff at the time of Mujahideen incursions into India from Pakistan-administered Kashmir in the summer of 1999. Although Pakistan claimed that these were Kashmiri freedom fighters based in Indian-controlled Kashmir, later developments showed that they were Pakistani paramilitary soldiers backing up the separatists on the mountain top. Kashmir dispute The issue of Baglihar Dam at river chenab Disput of Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch, Siachin glacier, issues of Gurdaspur and Ferozepurs status, China Musharraf accused Western leaders and media of politicizing the 2008 Summer Olympics by criticizing Chinas human rights record and its policy in Tibet. He also said he would cooperate with China, which is a historical ally to Pakistan, in the fight against terrorism. During President Musharrafs government, China for the first time allowed a pakistani president access to one of its most advanced and secret military research facilities. Saudi Arabia Pakistans relationship with Saudi Arabia continues to grow. After his coup in October 1999, Riyadh was the first foreign capital General Pervez Musharraf visited, to signify the importance he gave to PAK-Saudi relations. Both countries has common view on international issues such as Kashmir, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Iraq, Irans nuclear program, Afghanistan and reform of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). President Musharraf honored King Abdullah by conferring upon him Pakistans highest civil award, Nishan-e-Pakistan, in a colorful investiture ceremony at the presidential palace. Honor In 2004, the President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf was nominated in the final list of hopefuls for that years prestigious Nobel Peace Prize. It is not the very first time that a suggestion of awarding the Noble Peace Prize to President Musharraf has been made. Pakistani President in fighting terrorism against Al Qaeda and other extremist groups within Pakistan, several important figures and organisations have also begun supporting General Musharraf as the strongest entrant for the Noble Peace Prize. Downfall of Musharraf Leadership as a President Some of the issues cause the downfall of Musharrafs government are listed below. Suspension and reinstatement of the Chief Justice: On 9 March 2007, Musharraf suspended the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, pressing corruption charges against him and filed a reference against the Chief Justice, in the Supreme Judicial Council Musharrafs moves sparked protests among Pakistani lawyers. On 12 March 2007, lawyers started Judicial Activism across Pakistan Lal Masjid siege The Musharraf government was forced to act against the Lal Masjid militants, after they formally announced the establishment of a parallel judicial system. The pro-Taliban Lal Masjid administration vowed to enforce Islamic laws in the federal capital and threatened to unleash a wave of suicide bombers if the government took any action to counter it. Emergency declared in Pakistan On 3 November 2007 Musharraf declared emergency rule across Pakistan. He suspended the Constitution, imposed State of Emergency, and fired the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Murder of Benazir Bhutto On 28 December,2007, suicide attack on Benazir Bhutto also creates hurdles to Musharraf and pakistani people becomes against his governement. Resignation from the Army On 2 Octo